There are multiple means of generating analog sawtooth waveforms. Here’s a method that employs a single supply voltage rail and is not finnicky about passive component values. Figure 1 shows a pair of ...

Simple triangle-wave generators have a weakness in that the waveform of their output signal normally cannot be modified. The circuit presented here makes it possible to smoothly alter the waveform of ...

“There is nothing new under the sun” is a phrase proclaimed in Ecclesiastes. We are at the brink of converting radio and television broadcasting over to digital yet the theories behind these systems ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used in applications ranging from controlling valves or pumps to adjusting the ...

A rectifier input capacitor's size is often considered nebulous. Therefore, common practice is to pick a large size, and if the ripple voltage is low enough, all is okay (see the figure, a). If not, ...